This issue of the Confederate newspaper is printed on the back of wallpaper because supplies of every kind had been exhausted during the long and difficult siege.
However, this final edition of the Vicksburg Daily Citizen attests to the determination of the city’s defenders. Vicksburg, Mississippi, like many Southern cities, suffered acutely from the ravages of the Civil War. Rampant guerrilla warfare in Kansas and Missouri created a war within the war. In the Confederate states, food shortages and exorbitant prices caused riots in several cities. Grant on the path to becoming the Union’s final and most aggressive general-in-chief. The fall of Vicksburg, Mississippi, on July 4 militarily split the Confederacy in two-and set Ulysses S. Only two months after the North’s major defeat at Chancellorsville, Virginia, in May 1863, the Union victory at Gettysburg (July 1–3, 1863), dramatically raised Northern morale. Though peace movements were increasing in strength in both the South and North, a majority on both sides remained bitterly determined to pursue the war to victory. At the same time, tensions created by losses on the battlefield and sacrifices on both sides of the home front were reflected in public meetings and demonstrations.
On January 1, 1863, Abraham Lincoln issued the final Emancipation Proclamation, which declared that all slaves within the rebellious states “are, and henceforward shall be free.” Bitterly denounced in the South-and by many in the North-the Proclamation reduced the likelihood that the anti-slavery European powers would recognize the Confederacy as an independent nation and opened the way for large numbers of African Americans to join the U.S.
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